1. The surrounding in
which organisms live and interact is called Environment.
2. The process of clearing
the forests by human is called as Deforestation.
3. The process by which
eco system species become extinct is Loss of biodiversity.
4. The excessive use of
artificial fertilizer greatly reduces the quality of soil.
II.
Match the following:
1. Global warming -CO2
2. Deforestation -Coastal
flooding
3. Automobile -air
pollution
4. Water pollution
-pesticides
5. Urbanisation
-unauthorized encroachments
III.ANSWER
IN BRIEF:
1. What are the major environmental issues?
Urbanization
Deforestation
Environmental
pollution
Global
warming
2. What is global warming?
Global warming is defined
as an increase in the atmospheric temperature near the earth surface due to
rise in carbon dioxide levels and green house effects.
3. What is Deforestation?
Deforestation simply means
cutting down a tree.
It has seriously affected
the quality of environment by increasing the temperature, decreasing rainfall,
top soil erosion, flash flood.
4. Name some of green house effect?
Carbon-di-oxide, Methane,
Nitrous oxide and Chloro-fluoro-carbon.
5. What is pollution?
Substances released into
an environment that cause harm to living organism and built up structures are
called pollution.
6. What is urbanization?
It refers to increasing
inhabitants of people with non agricultural occupation with a higher population
density than the surrounding regions.
7. What are the main threats to biodiversity?
Uncontrolled commercial
exploitation of natural resources like forest, coastal areas, wet lands.
8. What are the sources of land pollution?
Land pollution is the
contamination of land by solid wastes.
IV.
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:
1. What are the effects of the global warming?
Heat waves and fluctuating
weather causes diseases and warming up of Antarctic and Arctic ocean.
Sea level rise coastal
flooding due to glaciers melting coral reefs bleaching due to the change in the
ecosystem frequent drought fire and heavy snowfall.
2. What is the main objectives of the biosphere reserves?
The main objectives of the
reserves is to conserve the genetic diversity of species and to restore
degraded ecosystems to their natural and original conditions.
To protect the biosphere,
biosphere reserves have been set up in the Nilgiris and Gulf of Mannar.
3. Mention the areas of water pollution in Tamil Nadu and what
steps have been taken by the government to stop it?
The
indiscriminate discharge from textile bleaching and dyeing units in and around
Tiruppur, Erode and Karur areas have caused polluting the river system of
Noyyil and Amaravathi
Effluents
from tanneries for land quality deterioration in the river palar basin of
Vellore district
Most
towns located along the banks of major rivers causes sewage pollution.
The
Kaveri river receives sewage from eleven towns, Palar from six towns, Vaigai
from five towns and Tamirabarani from three towns.
1. Kanyakumari has
the highest percent of literate in the state.
2. The district which has
the lowest density population is Sivagangai.
3. Population in Tamil
Nadu has doubled over a period of fifty years from 1951 to 2001.
4. Mountainous region with
steep slopes and forest covers supports small population.
II.
Match the following
1. The annual growth rate
– 1.1%
2. Rural population – 56%
3. Literacy percentage in
Tamil Nadu – 73.5%
4. Hindus – 88%
5. Urban population – 44%
III.
BRIEF
1. What are the factors that influence the distribution of
population?
Plains
with suitable climate support a huge population.
Coastal
plains with mild temperatures and good opportunities for economic activities
support huge population.
Job
opportunities in large towns and cities attract both literates as well as
illiterates.
Dry
regions generally support a small population.
2. What are self help groups?
A self Help Group is a
group of women, organized for eradication of poverty. They agree to save
regularly and convert their savings into a common fund.
3. Give reasons for considering people as reasons.
People are considered as
resources because of their ability to change available natural resources into
value added products
4. What is birth rate?
BIRTH
RATE:
The crude birth rate is
the annual number of live births per 1000 people.
5. What are the aims of human resources of human resources
management?
It aims at developing
person qualities in an individual so that he or she may contribute in a
healthier manner for the national and world peace.
6. List the qualities to be developed to be developed by each
individual by each individual to live and let others live peacefully.
Education
Health
care
Creativity
Decision
making.
V.
ANSWER IN DETAIL
1. Write about the strategies adopted by the government of Tamil
Nadu for women empowerment.
Women empowerment includes
Women’s
senses of self worth;
Right
to seek and decide upon choices;
Right
to have access to opportunities and resources;
Right
to have control on their lives, both within and outside of their homes.
2. Describe about the distribution of population in Tamil Nadu?
Chennai possesses the
largest share of 6.96% of the total population of Tamil Nadu.
This is followed by
Coimbatore, Vellore and Salem districts.
1. During industrial revolution
production became faster
2. England is birth
place of the industrial revolution.
3. Great Britain is
an Island
4. Cotton Gin was invented
by Eli Whitney
5. In 1830 the
first passenger railway was operated
II.
MATCH IT
1. John kay – Flying
shuttle
2. James watt – New
steam engine
3. Faraday – Dynamo
4. Macadam – Road
5. Humphrey davy – safety
lamp
III.
HEADINGS
1.
Textile industry
a) What was the first
momentum from the outburst of invention?
Cotton
textile industries
b) By whom flying shuttle
wass invented?
John
kay
c) Who invented sewing
machine?
Elias
howe
d) When was cotton gin
invented?
1793
2.
Invention in powers
a) Who invented a new
steam engine in 1769?
James
watt
b) By whom safety lamp was
invented?
Humphrey
davis
c) What did bersemer invented
in 1855?
Method
of making steel
d) Who introduced the
pudding process for the purification of pig iron?
Henry
cort
IV.
BRIEF:
1. What is meant by Industrial revolution?
It refers to shift from an
agrarian, handicraft, labour intensive economy into one dominated by machine
manufacturers factories and a free flow of capital.
2. What were the result of the expansion of commerce?
Foundation for the rapid
expansion of trade.
Encourage the scientists
to invent machines. Gave birth to capitalism.The people produced goods on large
scale.
3. Write a note on Revolution in agriculture?
The new farm machinery
included the steel plough and harrow. Machines for reaping and threshing.
The practice of crop
rotation was adopted to maintain soil fertility.
4. What is the motive behind Socialism?
The motive behind
socialism is that there should be just distribution of wealth.The gap between
the rich and the poor.
5. Who was Karl Marx? What was his theory?
Karl Marx is a socialist
of Germany.
His theory is based on the
assumption that production and physical forces have an intimate relationship
and the surplus value of products should go in favor of the working class.
V.
ANSWER IN PARAGRAPH:
1. What were the causes for industrial revolution?
The
term industrial revolution refers to the shift from an agrarian handicraft,
labor intensive economic into one dominated by machine manufacture factors and
the free flow of capital.Innovation in agricultural
methods
The
traditional patterns of agriculture were breaking up.
Agriculture
becomes more and more capitalist enterprise.
The
demand for English goods went on increasing.
Discoveries
of new lands and new sea routes
More
efficient agriculture and better food distribution.
The
progress of science revolutionized the method of production.
2. What were the effects of Industrial Revolution?
The changes in
agricultural production, business organization and technology.Pollution
affected the health of people.
The industrial found more
profitable to employ woman and children in the factories.
The society create two
distinct classes, they are Capitalist and laborers.
THE
POLITICAL EFFECTS:
The factory acts passed
in1819, 1933 and 1847to improve the conditions of laborers.
In 1825 trade unions were
organized to fight for their rights.
ECONOMICAL
EFFECTS:
The establishments of
factories like Manchester, Lancashire, Birmingham and Sheffield.
The Industrial Revolution
made the “rich richer and poor poorer”
3. Mention some important scientific inventions were made during
industrial Revolution.
1. Tea, coffee, rubber, pepper
and cashew are plantation crops
2.
Agriculture is the primary traditional occupation
3. Dry farming type of farming is known as
manavari in Tamil Nadu.
4. Well type of irrigation is most pre
dominate irrigation system in Tamil Nadu
5. Tamil Nadu rice research institute
is in aduthurai
II. MATCH
THE FOLLOWING:
1. Rearing of
birds- poultry
2. Rearing of silk worms-sericulture
3. Rearing of
honey bees- apiculture
4. Growing
fruits-horticulture
5. thuthukudi –leading port in fish
export
III.
ANSWER IN BRIEF:
1. what do you mean by subsistence intensive
farming?
Farming
that is carried on small land holdings that produces food crops for local
consumption and not for external trade is known as subsistence intensive
farming.
Most
farmers in Tamil Nadu practice subsistence intensive farming.
2. Write short note on a) mixed
farming b) plantation farming c) market gardening
A)Mixed
Farming
Mixed farming is one where in land
allotted for more than one activity along with agriculture
B)
Plantation Farming
Plantation farming is yet another type
of farming where crops are grown on large farms or estate.
C) Market
Gardening
Market gardening includes horticulture
and floriculture they are grown on the large scale and supplied to the urban
market for export purposes.
3. Name
the factors influencing agriculture
The factors influencing agriculture
may be classified as physical, social and economic factors
The physical factors include soil,
temperature, rainfall, humidity, climate and slopes of land.
The social factors include
traditional, knowledge, belief, and myths of farmers, farm size and holdings
and farmers acceptance towards innovation.
4. Bring
out the significance of Kallanai in Tamil Nadu
Kallanai built around first century by
Karikalan is still in use.
It is considered to be the oldest
water regulatory structure in the world.
The grand anaicut build across the
river kaveri near thiruchirapalli diverts the water to the entire delta region
through canals.
5. Difference between wet farming and
dry farming.
Wet
farming
Dry
farming
Water
supply is available throughout the year from rainfall for irrigation
Farming
is carried out only during rainy season without irrigation.
Rice and
sugarcane are grown
Ragi and
millets are grown
Most
river basins Tamil Nadu practice this type of farming
Drier region
of Vellore Thiruvannamalai, Ramanadhapuram, Thirunelveli practice this type
of farming.
6. Difference between marine fishing
and deep sea fishing
Marine
fishing
Inland
fishing
It is
carried out in the oceans and seas
It is
carried out in lakes rivers, ponds, estuaries, back waters and swamps.
Large
mechanized boats are used for fish catching.
Catamaran,
diesel boats, floating net cages are used.
Fish
varieties are sharks, flying fish, counch, cat fish, silver bellies and
crabs.
Fish
varieties are catla, rogue, mirkal, eel and calabaashu.
IV. ANSWER
IN PARAGRAPH:
1.
Describe the cropping seasons of Tamil Nadu.
Cropping seasons of Tamil Nadu can be
grouped as sornavari, samba, navarai.
A) Sornavari is the otherwise known as
kharif season.
The seeds
are sown during may and harvested in October.
The month
of may coincide with tamil month chitthirai.
It is also
known as chitthirai pattam.
B) Samba is otherewise known as summer
season
The seeds
are sown in the month of july which coincides with
The month
of aadi.
It is
harvested in January.
This
season is reffered to as aadi pattam in Tamil Nadu.
C) Navarai seeds are sown in the month
of November.
It is
harvested in march.
This
season is nowmn as karthigai pattam
The tamil
month kathigai coincides with month of November.
2. Write a
paragraph about inland fishing.
Fishing
carried out in lakes, rivers, ponds,estuaries,back waters and swamps is called
inland fishing.
Catamaran
(small wooden boats) , diesel boats, and floAting net cages are used.
Fish
varieties are catla, rogue, mirkal, eel, and calabaashu.
The state
has three hectares of inland water,63000 hectares of estuaries, back waters and
the swamps.
Oysters
and prawns are cultured inorganized nurseries ennore and pulicat lake for
export.
The
estimated inland fish production for the year 2007 to 2008 was 164,504 tonnes.
The
vellore district ranks first among the districts with 10% of inland fishing
production of the state.
Cudallore,
sivagangai and virudhunagar stand second with 9% of inland fish catch.
3. Write
about the changing trends in agriculture in Tamil Nadu
Tradition
method of agriculture is slowly being replaced by scientific and technical
methods.
Agricultural
university in Coimbatore and MS. Swaminathan research foundation in Taramani,
Chennai are actively involved in fusing traditional with modern methods.
A few
recent agricultural innovative trends are MICRO irrigation, integrated pest
control management(IPM) , growing blue green algae and azolla, precision forming
through remote sensing, geographical information system and global positioning
system.
Increase
in organic matter will increase the water holding capacity of the soil.
This will
support the microbial activity and hasten the nutrient absorption capacity of
roots.
4. Mention the efforts taken by the
government in improving agriculture in the state.
Efforts
taken by government to improve agriculture are
The
government supplies quality and certified seeds to the farmers.
The
organic matter and micro nutrients are supplied at subsidized rate.
Free
electricity is provided to small and marginal farmers for about 6 to 8 hours a
day.
Government
fixes the prices for agricultural products to safe guard the farmers from
financial crisis.
Farmers
market (uzhavar santhai) enhances the farmers to get better share of prices at
same time consumers to get agricultural produce at affordable prices.
Crop
insurance scheme has been introduced.
Government
has set up agricultural export zones in nilgiris and krishnagiri
1. Which one of the following is not a
factor of soil formation-inorganic matter
2. Biotic resources are those obtained
from the –biosphere
3. Time determines thickness of soil
profile
4. Medicinal herbs are commonly found
on –palani hills
5. Which one of the following is a
leading producer of lignite-Neyveli
6. Which one of the following is not a
producer of iron ore-Thiruchirappali
II. MATCH
THE FOLLOWING:
1. Mettur thermal power station
–Perambalur
2. Wind energy -5500 MW2
3. Saline soil -Vedaranyam
4. Cinchona -Medicine
5. Solar power -Dharmapuri
III.
ANSWER IN BRIEF :
1. Define
resources?
The term resources refers to the natural wealth available on the earth surface for the welfare of mankind.
The resources have the three characteristics
called utility, quantity, and consumption.
2. Define
soil?
Soil is the loose
material.
It forms the upper
most layer of the earth.
It consist mainly of
very small particles.
3. Which
are the factors that determines formation of soil?
The factors
that determine the formation of soil are
Parent rock.
Climate.
Relief.
Time factor.
Flora.
Fauna and
Micro-organism.
4. Define
rain water harvesting?
Rain water
harvesting is the process of collecting rain water from roof tops
It directed to an
appropriate location
There it is stored
for ground water recharge
5. What is
national park?
An natural
area designated to protect the ecological balance of one or more ecosystems for
the present and future generation this refered to as national park
6. Name
the Hydel power plants of Tamil Nadu
S. No
Hydel
Power Plant
Rivers
MW
1.
Kundah(I
to V)
Bhavani
500
2.
Mettur
tunnel
Kaveri
840
3.
Aliyar
Aliyar
60
4.
Kodayar(1,2)
Kodayar
100
5.
Solaiyar(1,2)
Sholayar
95
6.
Kadamparai
Kadampari
400
7.
Lower
mettur
Kaveri
120
8.
Papanasam
hydro electric power
Papnasam
32
9.
Pykara
Pykara
150
Total
2297
7.
Difference between conventional sources and non conventional.
Conventional
sources
Non
conventional source
Conventional
sources of energy have been traditionally used by mankind for a long time
Non
conventional power resources are known as renewable resources
It
includes fossil fuels like coal and natural gas, oil and nuclear power
Sun is
the biggest source of non conventional energy sources
8. what
are advantages and disadvantages of wind energy
Advantages
of wind energy
It is a non polluting source
It involves low cost of production
Disadvantages
of wind energy
It causes noise pollution
Wind mills are very costly to set up.
Disturbs radio and TV reception.
9. soil is
nin renewable resources explain:
Soil is the non renewable resources
which are formed over very long geological periods and are certain to be
exhausted in the course of time.
Soil forming processes are controlled
by the factors such as parent rock, climate,relief,time factor, flora fauna and
microorganism present in a soil.
IV. ANSWER
IN A PARAGRAPH :
1. Explain
the different types of soil found in Tamil Nadu?
4. Give an
account of thermal power resources of Tamil Nadu
Thermal
power resources:
Power generated from non renewable
energy resources such as coal, oil and natural gas is known as thermal power.
Thermal power is produced by heating the water. The steam thus formed spins the
turban to produce electricity.
2. Tropical cyclones occur during the
month of November
3. Teak and ebony belongs to tropical
evergreen forest
4. Tamil Nadu receives moderate
rainfall during south west monsoon season.
5. North east monsoon winds blow
during October to November months.
6. Mangrove forest are found in
vedaranyam.
7. The trees of deciduous forest shed
their leaves during dry season.
II. MATCH
THE FOLLOWING:
1. Evergreen forest – rosewood
2. Monsoon forest – shed the leaves
3. Hot season – march to june
4. Cold season – December to February
5. Timber – forest product
III.
ANSWER IN BRIEF:
1. List out the geographical factors
that influence the climate of Tamil Nadu?
Physiography, nearness to sea and
geographical location determine the overall climate condition of any region.
Though Tamil Nadu lies in the tropical
region, the local weather conditions such as temperature, humidity, clouds and
wind direction and speed change the climate condition to a greater extent.
2. Name
the seasons of Tamil Nadu?
SEASONS
TAMIL
NAME
TAMIL
MONTH
Summer(april
toaugust)
Ilavenil,muduvenil
Chitirai,
vaikasi, aani, aadi
Rainy(august
to December)
Khar
season, khulir
Avani,
puratasi, iypasi, Karthigai
Winter(December
to april)
Mun
pani, pin pani
Markhazhi,
thai, masi, panguni
3. Define
monsoon.
The word monsoon is derived from the
Arabic word ‘mausim’.
Mausim literally means season.
Monsoon refers to seasonal reversal in
the wind direction between seasons.
4.
Distinguish between south west monsoon and north west monsoon.
SOUTH
WEST MONSOON
NORTH
EAST MONSOON
South
west monsoon occurs between june and september.
North
east monsoon occurs between October and December.
The
districts of nilgiris, kanyakumari, salem, Coimbatore, erode get rainfall.
The
coromandel coast of Tamil Nadu get heavy rainfall from north east monsoon.
It is
summer monsoon.
It is
winter monsoon.
Tamil
Nadu lies on the rain shadow of southwest monsoon
It is
associated with cyclones.
5.
Distinguish between evergreen and monsoon forests.
EVERGREEN
FOREST
MONSOON
FOREST
They are
called evergreen
They are
called tropical forest since the leaves are present always deciduous forest
They
never shed their leaves
They
shed their leaves to avoid loss of moisture during dry season.
They are
located in the places which receive more than 200cms of rainfall
They are
located in areas which receive rainfall between 100 and 200cms
They are
found on the slopes of nilgris, anaimalai and coastal areas of Tamil Nadu
They are
found on the eastern slopes of western ghats.
6. East
coast of Tamil Nadu does not receive much rainfall during southwest monsoon
give reasons?
As the south west monsoon starts its
down pour of rain in the western ghats, the western parts of Tamil Nadu receive
about 150 cm of rainfall on an average.
Most of the eastern and central parts
of Tamil Nadu become rain shadow regions for this season.
The amount of rainfall during this
season decreases from west to east.
7. Write a
short note on cyclonic rainfall.
November is the month of cyclonic
rainfall.
The low pressure gets formed in the
southern part of Bay of Bengal.
It intensifies the cyclonic rainfall
along the coastal districts of Tamil Nadu.
8. Name a
few forest product of Tamil Nadu?
The forest product of Tamil Nadu can
be grouped into.
They are major and minor products.
Major products include timber and fuel
wood.
IV. ANSWER
IN PARAGRAPH:
1.
Describe the different types of natural vegetation of Tamil Nadu of tropical
evergreen forest.
These forests never shed their leaves
in a particular season.
They are grown in places with rainfall
about 200cms.
These forests are located along the
slopes of the nilgris and anaimalai hills and the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu.
b)
Tropical deciduous forest or monsoon forest:
These forest are found in places with
rain fall from 100 to 200 cms a year.
They are located on the eastern slopes
of western ghats.
The trees shed their leaves to avoid
the loss of moisture during dry season.
c) Thorny
shrub forest:
These forest are found in dry areas
with low rainfall
The vegetation is widely scatterded
low trees and bushes
They are highly adaptive to dry
conditions with the deep roots, thick stems and fleshy leaves.
d)
mangrove forest
They are found in the tropical and sub
tropical tidal areas with high degree of salinity
e) Hill
forest
These are found along the hill slopes
with heavy rainfall
1. Give an
account of the rainy seasons of Tamil Nadu?
a) South
west monsoon:
The south
west monsoon occurs between june and September.
The
districts of Nilgiris, Kanyakumari, western parts of
Coimbatore,
Dharmapuri and Dalem receive rainfall.
The western
parts of Tamil Nadu receive about 150 cms of rainfall.
The state
possesses thick rain bearing clouds in the months of October, November and
December.
b) North
east monsoon:
The north
east monsoon occurs between October and December.
The coastal
and interior plains of Tamil Nadu get more rainfall.
Trichy,
salem and erode receive 100 – 150 cms of rainfall.
c)
Cyclonic rainfall:
November is
the month of cyclonic rainfall.
Low pressure
gets formed in the southern part of Bay of Bengal.
It gets
intensified and brings cyclonic rainfall to the coastal districts of Tamil
Nadu.
2. Write
about the rainfall regions of Tamil Nadu?
Rainfall
regions of Tamil Nadu. distribution of rainfall(2007 –2008)
3. The river chittar is an important
tributary of Tamirabarani river.
4. The longest river flowing in Tamil
Nadu is kaveri.
5. The noyyal and amaravathi are
tributaries of Kaveri.
II. Match the following:
1. Eastern ghats – shevarayan
2. western ghats – nilgiris
3. Kavari river – karnataka
4. Kodaikanal – queen of hill station
5. Vaigai – Madurai
III. Answer in Brief:
1. Name the important rivers of Tamil
Nadu?
The northern rivers of Tamil Nadu are Araniyar, Korattalaiyar, Palar, Vaigai, Vaippar and Tamirabarani in the south are
important rivers.
2. What are the major physical
divisons of Tamil Nadu?
The hilly region(western ghats and eastern ghats)
The plateau
The plains
The coast line
3. Mention important hills in the
northern districts of Tamil Nadu?
Javadi hills and Elagiri hills in Vellore district
Shervarayan hills in Salem district
Kalvarayan in Villupuram district
Pachai malai in Thiruchippalli district
Kolli hills in Nammakal district
Chitteri hills in Darmapuri and salem district
Gingee hills in Thiruvannamali district.
4. Write a short note on marina beach?
Marina beach is the second largest beach in the world.
It extends up to a distance of 13 km.
It is one
of the major tourist attractions of Chennai.
5. Distinguish between Eastern ghats
and Western ghats.
Eastern
ghats
Western
ghats
Eastern
ghats are not continuous
Its
average height is from 1100m to 1600m
They
extend from the north east to south west through the districts of Vellore,
Darmapuri and erode.
The
highest hills of Eastern ghats is Shervarayan hills 1500m to 1600m.
Western
ghats is a continuous one
Its
average height is from 1000m to 1500m
The
western ghats enters the state through the Nilgris district and runs up to
kanyakumari District.
The
highest hills of western ghats is anaimalai hills 2700m Eastern ghats western
ghats
